Pain is one of the most common symptoms and indicators of some impairment. There are three types of factors involved in the emergence of the experience of pain: physiological, psychological and social. Pain can be divided based on the physiology of pain, intensity, duration, type of tissue involved, and specific syndromes. Lower back pain can be defined as the pain and discomfort that patient feels in the back area, between the ribs and the gluteal area, with or without the spread of pain in the leg. Nowadays, it has received epidemic features and is one of the most common reasons for seeking help. According to the causes of occurrence it can be divided into specific and nonspecific lower back pain. The risk factors that affect the onset of back pain are divided into individual, psychosocial, and physical activity-related factors. History of illness and clinical examination are the most effective techniques of diagnosis. The education of patients, potential patients, and people in their environment, as well as the healthcare professionals involved in the treatment, is one of the most important measures for the prevention of lower back pain. In the treatment of lower back pain, therapeutic exercise, physical therapy, psychotherapy and medication are recommended. Psychological factors that cause pain in the lumbar spine can be: psychosocial stress, depression, and workplace related factors. Psychological factors may enhance or mitigate the perception of pain.